Operators

Table of contents

1. Operators
2. Precedence
   1. Ternary Operator
   2. Null Coalescing Operator
   3. Nullish Coalescing Operator
   4. Falsy

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Operators

Operator	Description	Example
and, &&	Returns true if both operands are truthy values otherwise false	true && true
or, ||	Returns the first truthy operand unless all are false and the last operand is returned	true || false
not, !	Returns the inverse boolean value for a given operand	!true
+	Adds the values on either side of the operator together, aslo concatinates strings	10 + 10, “hello” + “ world”
-	Subtracts the values on either side of the operator together	10 - 10
*	Multiplies the values on either side of the operator together	10 * 2
/	Divides the values on either side of the operator together.	10 / 3
%	Modulo of values on either side of the operator	10 % 2
**	Exponent (power) of the values	2 ** 2
&	Bitwise AND of the values	10 & 2
^	Bitwise XOR of the values	10 ^ 2
|	Bitwise OR of the values	10 | 2
~	Bitwise NOT of the value	~10
«	Left shift operator, shifts bits left	10 « 2
«	Right shift operator, shifts bits right	10 » 2
+=	Same as +, however its shorthand to assign too	x += 10 Same as x = x + 10
++	Same as +, however its shorthand to assign too	x++ Same as x = x + 1 (postfix only for now)
-=	Same as -, however its shorthand to assign too	x -= 10 Same as x = x - 10
–	Same as -, however its shorthand to assign too	x– Same as x = x - 1 (postfix only for now)
*=	Same as *, however its shorthand to assign too	x *= 10 Same as x = x * 10
/=	Same as /, however its shorthand to assign too	x /= 10 Same as x = x / 10
&=	Same as &, however its shorthand to assign too	x &= 10 Same as x = x & 10
^=	Same as ^, however its shorthand to assign too	x ^= 10 Same as x = x ^ 10
|=	Same as |, however its shorthand to assign too	x |= 10 Same as x = x
?	Ternary operator - See below	true ? ‘value’ : ‘other’
??	Null coalescing operator - See below	x = func() ?? 12
??=	Null coalescing operator - See below	x ??= 12
?.	Optional chaining - Same as checking object != null first.	object?.someMethod()
||	Nullish coalescing operator - See below	x = func() || 12
||=	Nullish coalescing operator - See below	x ||= 12

Precedence

Precedence table from highest to lowest, with all operators having a left-to-right associativity.

Operators

. () []

?.

! - ~

**

* /

+ -

« »

&

^

|

< > <= >=

== !=

&&

||

=

Ternary Operator

The ternary operator is an operator which takes 3 operands and returns either the second or third depending on whether the first operand is truthy.

value := true ? "true!" : "false!"
println(value) // "true!"

otherValue := 0 ? "true!" : "false!"
println(otherValue) // "false!"

Null Coalescing Operator

The null coalescing operator is an operator which returns the value of its left-hand operand if it isn’t null; otherwise, it evaluates the right-hand operand and returns its result.

value := null ?? "not null"
println(value) // "not null"

otherValue := "not null" ?? "null"
println(otherValue) // "not null"

xVar := null
xVar ??= 12
println(xVar) // "12"

// xVar ??= 12 is the same as
if (xVar == null) {
    xVar = 12
}

Nullish Coalescing Operator

The nullish coalescing operator is an operator which returns the value of its left-hand operand if it isn’t falsy; otherwise, it evaluates the right-hand operand and returns its result.

value := 0 || "not falsy"
println(value) // "not falsy"

otherValue := true || "false"
println(otherValue) // "true"

xVar := 0
xVar ||= 12
println(xVar) // "12"

// xVar ||= 12 is the same as
if (!xVar) {
    xVar = 12
}

Falsy

The following are considered falsy:

null

false

0

””, ‘’ (empty strings)

[] (empty arrays)

Where empty is defined as having a length of 0. Everything else is considered truthy.